状态模式主要应用在游戏、工作流引擎中，其实就是有限状态机的实现，目前开发中还没有遇到过，此处留坑。

但状态模式也比较有意思，它可以将过多的 if...else... 或者 switch...case... 抽离出来，使得代码的扩展性更好一些。

举个例子，详细解释可以查看极客时间的 设计模式之美 (opens new window) 讲的。

一个超级马里奥的例子，吃了蘑菇、吃了花都会有不同的状态进行转移。

public enum State {
  SMALL(0),
  SUPER(1),
  FIRE(2),
  CAPE(3);

  private int value;

  private State(int value) {
    this.value = value;
  }

  public int getValue() {
    return this.value;
  }
}

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private State currentState;

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = State.SMALL;
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SMALL)) {
      this.currentState = State.SUPER;
      this.score += 100;
    }
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SMALL) || currentState.equals(State.SUPER) ) {
      this.currentState = State.CAPE;
      this.score += 200;
    }
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SMALL) || currentState.equals(State.SUPER) ) {
      this.currentState = State.FIRE;
      this.score += 300;
    }
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SUPER)) {
      this.currentState = State.SMALL;
      this.score -= 100;
      return;
    }

    if (currentState.equals(State.CAPE)) {
      this.currentState = State.SMALL;
      this.score -= 200;
      return;
    }

    if (currentState.equals(State.FIRE)) {
      this.currentState = State.SMALL;
      this.score -= 300;
      return;
    }
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState;
  }
}


public class ApplicationDemo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    MarioStateMachine mario = new MarioStateMachine();
    mario.obtainMushRoom();
    int score = mario.getScore();
    State state = mario.getCurrentState();
    System.out.println("mario score: " + score + "; state: " + state);
  }
}

上边的实现没什么问题，通过 if 来进行状态的转移，并进行相关操作，但可维护性和扩展性都很差。

我们可以通过状态模式进行改写，将每一种状态抽离出来，将状态的变更委托给状态类实现，原来的类不再处理。

public interface IMario { //所有状态类的接口
  State getName();
  //以下是定义的事件
  void obtainMushRoom();
  void obtainCape();
  void obtainFireFlower();
  void meetMonster();
}

public class SmallMario implements IMario {
  private MarioStateMachine stateMachine;

  public SmallMario(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    // 持有原类的引用，来帮助原类更新状态，相当于将上下文传递过来，可以直接调用上下文的方法
    this.stateMachine = stateMachine;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SMALL;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new SuperMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 100);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape() {
    // 更新原类中的状态类
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new CapeMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new FireMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster() {
    // do nothing...
  }
}

public class SuperMario implements IMario {
  private MarioStateMachine stateMachine;

  public SuperMario(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    this.stateMachine = stateMachine;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SUPER;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    // do nothing...
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new CapeMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new FireMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new SmallMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() - 100);
  }
}

// 省略CapeMario、FireMario类...

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  // 包含一个状态类的引用
  private IMario currentState; // 不再使用枚举来表示状态

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = new SmallMario(this);
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    // 委托给状态类执行
    this.currentState.obtainMushRoom();
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    this.currentState.obtainCape();
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    this.currentState.obtainFireFlower();
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    this.currentState.meetMonster();
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState.getName();
  }

  public void setScore(int score) {
    this.score = score;
  }

  public void setCurrentState(IMario currentState) {
    this.currentState = currentState;
  }
}

总

状态模式很巧妙，虽然实际开发中还没应用到，但还是很有意思的。